buy custom Case Law essay

purchase custom Case Law paper Case law is a piece of wellsprings of law in numerous nations, and numerous appointed authorities settle on decisions basing on the choices of past adjudicators. The instance of Lumpkin, et al. v. Smooth Mushroom, et al. includes the guardians of a perished kid and Mellow Mushroom, which deals alcohol. The case was recorded in Court of Appeals of Georgia. The issue that should have been controlled by the court was whether Mellow Mushroom was qualified for a rundown judgment, and the court concurred that Mellow Mushrooms was qualified for the outline judgment. The Court showed up at its choice in the wake of watching the realities of the case, and making a cautious thought of the laws that administered the case. The Limpkins should demonstrate that Mellow Mushrooms had an obligation to the general population, and the careless demonstrations of the litigant had prompted the passing of the youngster. Moreover, the offended parties should demonstrate that they endured some harm because of the demonstrations of the respondent. Be that as it may, the offended parties neglected to demonstrate that the demonstrations of the litigant prompted the demise of their youngster. This is on the grounds that there was contributory carelessness with respect to their child. This is on the grounds that the child acknowledged to be driven in a jeep that didn't have a travelers entryway, and he unfastened his seat strap and hanged outside as the vehicle was moving. Besides, the realities of the case demonstrated that Lumpkin and Callaway had bought different brews before the occurrence. Along these lines, it was hard to demonstrate that the lager that they drank at Mellow Mushrooms was the one that added to the mishap. Moreover, the observers of the case neglected to declare that the two were smashed when they left Mellow Mushrooms. Taking everything into account, the court offered the respondent an outline judgment, and the thinking of the court was that the litigants carelessness was not the proximate reason that prompted the demise. This is as per the arrangements of enactment, and the arrangement of precedent-based law doesn't bolster the requests of the offended parties. In this manner, the offended parties had an obligation to demonstrate that the carelessness demonstrations of Mellow Mushrooms was had a causal connection until the very end, and that the litigant had an obligation to watch. Purchase custom Case Law exposition

Evaluating Pret a Mangers Ethical Policies Essay Example

Assessing Pret a Mangers Ethical Policies Essay Example Assessing Pret a Mangers Ethical Policies Essay Assessing Pret a Mangers Ethical Policies Essay Pret a Manger (casually known as Pret), established in 1986 by Julian Metcalfe and Sinclair Beecham, is a private organization that never establishments out and along these lines its records are not open to the general population (Pret, 2007).â The organization considers this to be a favorable position as it permits it to develop at a speed it feels is suitable without the weight that is managed an organization responsible to people in general (Pret, 2007).â Pret has consolidated severe morals in its organization approaches overseeing the sourcing of new produce to be used in their handcrafted items, the treatment of their laborers and the working climate they made and all the more as of late have remembered strategies for the now well known ecological subject â€Å"sustainability† (Pret, 2007).â However, there have been activities taken by the organization that clients and onlookers have condemned as being as opposed to their alleged moral policies.â This incorporates the selling of 33% of the organization to McDonalds, and foundation famous for its strategy of putting benefit before morals band being engaged with natural demolition, modest work and pressing their food loaded with added substances (Walsh, 2006). Produce and Products Pret a Manger has gained notoriety for being obsessive about the newness and cleanness of the produce they use.â They favor normal items, use natural milk and opportunity ranch meats (supported by the RSPCA). They have made enhancements to cook their manageability drive and now have the alleged â€Å"bio box† and utilize recyclable bundling just as sourcing maintainable wellsprings of food and evading the utilization of synthetic substances which they term as â€Å"sacred† to (Pret, 2007).â It is a trademark that they just utilize the freshest of items and never keep food over night. Staff and Customers Pret a Manger additionally put forth an admirable attempt to keep their staff content in their occupations and in an industry that famously powers staff to work longer hours for low wages, Pret pays well over the lowest pay permitted by law and offers work in reasonable movements, just as offering advantages, for example, expanded wages, rewards and things including silver Tiffany stars for accomplishments or when a client suggests their work.â It is an intriguing reality that over 60% of Pret administrators began as colleagues (Pret, 2007).â what's more, Pret is a band together with Forum for the Future specifically reference to their outstanding conduct as a business (Forum for the Future, 2007).â Staff and clients are free to give contribution to the running of the company.â Every week a puzzle customer visits each store to beware of the nature of the produce and the degree of client support gave (Pret, 2007). Good cause and Social Work As pret doesn't keep food over night, something must be finished with any extra toward the finish of the day.â Instead of sending them to landfill, Pret runs a drive to offer their food to vagrants through safe houses and magnanimous donations.â actually, they appropriate around 12000 dinners every week (Pret, 2007).â The extra food is either gathered by specific causes or conveyed by the Pret Foundation Trust set up in 1995 which, is financed by client gifts and pay from specific items and is an armada of electric vans (in another push to balance carbon outflows) (Pret, 2007).â The organization is consistently watching out for increasingly destitute foundations to help, particularly where certain stores so far, don't have an assigned cause. McDonalds Investment Generally, Pret a Manger have been apparently, one of the most moral brand names to date in numerous regions, there is no doubt that they do their strategies to the extent is possible.â There is one significant staying point notwithstanding, and for the vast majority that is the third offer held by the multi-aggregate organization McDonalds Albeit a minority share, at 33 percent, it is an enormous cut of the organization (Walsh, 2006).â Many Pret admirers are suspicious of McDonalds contribution to the company.â The idea of a relatively little, socially mindful retail outlet, collaborating with a worldwide organization known for its social, natural and moral clumsiness and particular spotlight on riches collection, is by all accounts an inconsistency in wording, in spite of the fact that with McDonalds input, Pret has had the option to extend over oceans, which might be useful for Pret monetarily, however the inquiry remains, have they sold out, ethically?â It might be rea sonable for state that it is unquestionably looking just as Pret has sold out on its moral arrangements in spite of the fact that it keeps up that it despite everything has full authority over its exercises regardless of McDonalds inclusion. End Pret a Manger has a scope of noticeable and skilled moral strategies covering all parts of applicable corporate social obligation, from the government assistance of their workforce to sourcing their produce with due consideration to the earth and natural principles, making altruistic gifts and looking for propels in reusing and approaches to diminish their carbon emanations and giving a â€Å"cradle to grave† disposition towards the bundling and non-eatable waste they produce.â Despite this moral capability, a question mark keeps on hanging over the choice to offer 33% of the organization to McDonalds inexpensive food chain and the conceivable negative effects on Prets moral strategy that this affiliation may have.

CP22 John Lee Dumas from EOFire Talks about Starting Growing Successful Podcast

CP22 John Lee Dumas from EOFire Talks about Starting Growing Successful Podcast Welcome to the 22nd episode of our podcast with John Lee Dumas from EOFire!You can download the podcast to your computer or listen to it here on the blog. Click here to subscribe in iTunes. INTRODUCTION IDEA OF EOFIREMartin: Hi Folks. You ever wanted to start a passive income business, or maybe you are interested in interviewing high class people and starting a podcast. Today we have the expert on board with John Lee Dumas from Entrepreneur on Fire. Hi John, how are you doing?John: Martin, I am fired up to be here, brother! Thanks for having me!Martin: Great. Can you tell the people, what is actually Entrepreneur on Fire?John: Entrepreneur on Fire is a daily podcast that I started 4 years ago where I interview today the most successful and inspiring entrepreneurs and we talk about their journey, their worst moments, lessons learned, their aha moments, how they turned those aha moments into success. Then we have a lightning round of questions that is meant to give gold to the listeners. We have now done over 1300 episodes to date, we are consistently getting over one million listeners per month of the show, and its simple been a blast.Martin: Great. I mean, basically it s the same stuff that I am doing.Why did you start this kind of podcast? Did you just stumble into that and then at one point in time you realized there could be some business opportunity? What is the story behind Entrepreneur on Fire?John: Entrepreneur on Fire is really a solving of my own problem.I mean the reality is this, Martin, its that I was a struggling business person back in 2012/11/10, and so I was looking to consume content that would inspire me and motivate me, that would bring me to the next level and I found podcasting, and I loved podcasting. But the reality was there just wasnt a daily podcast, there was a weekly podcast, there was a podcast that was going twice a month, it just wasnt enough quantity for me. Because I was driving to work every single day by myself, I was going to the gym, I was doing this, doing that, I wanted to consume this content all of those times. I searched for the daily podcast, it didnt exist, I decided to follow Gandhis great words and be the change you wish to see in the world, and that was the launch of EOFire.HOW TO START A PODCASTMartin: Awesome. Imagine that you are just having this idea of starting this podcast, how did you find the first podcast interview partners?John: It wasnt easy, but the reality was I saw that there were a lot of people who were guests on other shows. And so I said: Well, those people will most likely want to be guests on my shows as well. So I reached out to them one by one and I said, “Hey, you were a great guest on this show, I really enjoyed your content, I would really like you to come and share a similar story on my show. But I have a very unique format; we talk about your worst moment, your aha moment, I have these lighting round of questions. Would this be something you would be interested in having a conversation about?” Then slowly but surely, step by step I would be getting one guest to 2 guests, and then those 2 guests would recommend a third guest and I was really able to build a great back log of guests and interviews that way.Martin: Nice. Nowadays you have like 1 million podcast listens a month, awesome.How did you start with your podcast marketing and really attracting the first 1000, the first 10,000 subscribers?John: For me again it goes back to that building a foundation, I think thats so important. I launched just like everybody else launched, with zero listens, and then every single day I woke up and I said how can I just add to my listenership? How can I go find where my perfect listeners are right now, expose them to Entrepreneur on Fire, to my podcast and to maybe excite them to join.It wasnt easy, I had to hustle, I had to go into Facebook groups and LinkedIn groups, I had to go find Reddits and go repost that were being written by entrepreneurs and commented by and contributed. I had to really get out there and do some gorilla marketing.Then of course having a show that goes live every single day with a successful entrepreneur, I would ask that guest of my show to share with their audience so then every single day, my guest was sharing EOFire with their listeners, with their audience. And that was growing exponentially the show every single day.Martin: When you had like maybe 5000, 10000 subscribers, did you approach some kind of podcast advertisers or did they approach you? At what point in time did you think: Okay, lets start rolling the US dollars.John: At the 6 month point, I was really getting to a place where I said men, I am getting about 3-4 thousand listens every single episode, this is a significant number, maybe its time to start looking for sponsors. So I started kind of looking around on my own.But sometimes how the universe works and you put things out there in the universe, I got reached out to by a broker that was a sponsorship broker and the company was called the Midroll. The guy emailed me and said, “Hey John, I would love to jump on a call because you know we are the Midroll, we find sponsor s for podcasts. We are looking to bring in a business podcast, right now we pretty much focus on the comedy shows.”My show appealed to them for a number of reasons; number 1, it was a daily show so there was a lot of opportunities for sponsorship spots on a daily show, 30 a month specifically. So we tried it out and by the end of that same week, that broker had already booked over $12,000 of sponsors on my show for the following month. EOFire went from no sponsors and almost no revenue for the first 6 months, to generating 5 figures a month from month 7, and then by the 12th month, so a year later after we launched we had entered the 6 figure a month category.Martin: I can really imagine your face dropping down when you said: What? $12,000 in sponsorship?I mean if I am calculating just in my head, having one billion monthly listeners and you are getting like $80,000 that approximately translates into $80 CPM. Why is that CPM so crazy high and what is your expectations on the podca sting CPMs for the future?John: The CPMs are so high because with podcast listeners, it is a very intimate medium. I mean they are choosing to press play on your content, unlike a radio where you just find a radio station and do this, do that. Podcast listeners have found the content, they have found the hosts that they want and they have decided to press the play button, and they get to know the host. They get to know, like and trust the voice behind the microphone so to speak. So why spend 6 months growing a great fire nation now they trust me. So when I recommend a product or a service to them, they are much more likely to try that service because it is coming from somebody that they know, like and trust, not just some voice that is sharing with them the ups and the downs in a very sales marketing pitchy kind of way.So thats why CPMs have sometimes, for podcasts, been anywhere from, you know, fill in the blank, anywhere from $15 CPMs all the way up to $60 CPMs, and I have seen th em range all in there since I started and its a very powerful medium.Now, the future of podcasting is interesting because, like everything in life, now people are becoming a lot more used to sponsors on podcasts so they are becoming a little more tone deaf to that, when back in the day it just was kind of a special day and so if you are able to use a unique read and keep the listeners interested, they probably listen.But now its a little bit different, it is a lot more crowded of a market place. I kind of foresee CPMs decreasing in the future, but never to a level of like a radio or a newspaper or a bill board, but just kind of down from the stratosphere they have been up for so long.Martin: Yes, definitely, because I would also add one more dimension Because you said basically you have a higher trust therefore the CPM is higher, but apparently the audience is getting used to this therefore the conversion rates thereby the generated sales decrease, therefore the willingness to pay f rom the advertiser will go down. But one factor I would like to add is there are so many new podcasts reaching out and actually competing against each other. Because if they are millions of business podcasts out there, then you should give me a very good reason advertising on your podcast versus another one.John: I definitely agree. Again, that was when they first reached out to me. My broker, they said: We haven’t sponsored on any business podcast before, we havent used any, like I was literally the first business podcast that this broker, which is the biggest broker that is out there, The Midroll is their name, they actually just acquired Stitcher radio, like a week ago. Its just crazy.LISTENERS ACQUISITIONS PODCAST STATISTICS OF EOFIREMartin: Are you looking into your podcast marketing or user acquisition statistics? Can you give us some kind of detail on where are the new users coming from? What type of marketing tactics are you using in order to use that?John: Really the new types of acquisition are coming from:#1: my current guest sharing to their audience when they are on the show, thats always bringing new ears to the actual podcast, and#2: it is just organic iTunes. Like on iTunes we have people that are very single day they are searching for content, and when they are looking for the top ranked business podcast, they are searching for key terms on the iTunes search bar, whether they be entrepreneur or fill in the blank, and they are coming across my podcast that way, so discover ability with an iTunes and then also just sharing with our audience, with the guest audience.Martin: Are you doing anything on, lets call it podcast SEO or something like that? Optimizing key words, etc.? So that your discoverability is improved.John: No, nothing in that area.Martin: Okay cool.EOFIRE COLLABORATION WITH FREELANCERSMartin: On your site, I have seen that you are working with freelancers and virtual assistants, let me understand how is your work day, or your w ork week structured? And how are you collaborating with those freelancers?John: Yes, we have actually 5 full time virtual assistants and then 2 freelancers, 2 independent contractors so to speak. Our 5 virtual assistants work 40 hours per week, so they are just working full time, they have their tasks, they know what they are doing. Then the independent contractors, we actually have them on retainer, so we have them for our designers 40 hours per month and our web developers 30 hours per month, and we pay them based off of that. We have them for a minimum those amount of hours every single month.And then just as different campaigns come up or opportunities arise, we will then reach out to them and have them fix it up for us and have them do a design or fix up a website or add this or add that in kind of a very one-off basis.Martin: I would assume that the virtual assistants are working on your interview partner backlog so to speak arrange the meetings, maybe do some transcribing or something like this. Anything else that they are doing?John: Yes definitely. Like you said, we have the transcribing, we have a lot of email follow up going on, we have a lot of social media, whether it is Twitter, or Facebook or whatever, it might be kind of keeping the conversations going and making sure if theres any direct questions to me, then I get those questions, etc. There is a lot of different things we do on a day to day basis for sure and that my virtual assistants do, going forward that they just know because, its their 40 hours per week.EOFIRE REVENUE STREAMS HOW TO MONETIZE A PODCAST?Martin: I have also seen that you have a very diverse type of revenue stream, so from affiliate earnings from podcast advertising, from product sales and so on and so forth. Can you elaborate a little bit on that, and how did you experiment with those different revenue streams over time? And how do you think this revenue split will change over the next 12 months and why?John: Yes, revenu e streams are definitely something you always want to keep your finger on the pulse with when it comes to be an entrepreneur because things are changing. The world is changing, opportunities are changing, new things are coming up, old ways are dying, etc. So you always want to keep your finger on the pulse.And thats one thing that we have always done that I am very proud of as EOFire, is that we are very open and transparent and honest with our personal revenue. So every single month we publish an income report where we break down all the revenue that we have generated, how we have generated it, we break down all of our costs and expenses within the business and exactly what that looks like. So we give a really great snapshot of our business every single month; the trends, whats working, whats not working, etc.That has been a really big part of our business, is continuing going forward with that transparency. So thats been huge, thats been a big plus for what we do. Because it is al so allowed for me to say what is working revenue wise, what is the 80:20? And that meaning, what is the 20% that is actually contributing to the 80% of the overall bottom line, and really making sure that we focus on that 20% and kind of just let the other 80% of stuff that is just not doing the big impact kind of drift off into nothing. That has kind of really allowed us to hone our skills.So some of our big revenue sources right now are podcasters paradise, which is our podcasting community, where we teach people how to create, grow and monetize their own podcast.Another one is the freedom journal, which is a physical book that I have created which teaches people how to set and accomplish their number 1 goal in 100 days, and its done via this gorgeous leather bound journal that has a very unique step by step process on setting and accomplishing your number one goal.We do a lot of great affiliates and joint venture sales and revenue. And that is where like another entrepreneur, one of my friends, whatever, might have a course, a product, an offering that definitely aligns with my listenership and my audience. What are we able to do, boom, we are able to go ahead and bring them on the show or send an email about them and recommend their product or their service and if anybody converts then we have a commission off of that as well.Those are some ways we generate revenue and going forward, I can say I am working on another project right now thats very similar to the freedom journal, but its going to be in a very different niche and a different spectrum.Oh yeah, and kind of going backwards again real quick, is we generate a lot of money every month as well, via podcast sponsorships, to the tune of sometimes $40K to $50K to $60K per month. So thats a big revenue stream for us as well.Those are some things, and again, going into the future, its looking at another project similar to the freedom journal and another project that I am working on right now is actually c alled Skills on fire, where I am just going to kind of be teaching for a very low level as far as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, just how I use these in a very effective way. This is not like an all-encompassing premium course type of everything, but just how I use these different social media platforms and different marketing platforms effectively, for people that want to kind of study that.Martin: Cool. John, when I am looking at this kind of revenue and the profits that you are making, my question is, what are you doing with the profits? Are you just enjoying your time? Are you investing in organic growth or diversification, which is partly one thing that you are doing? Or are you an angel investor? What are you doing with these profits?John: Yes, and I can tell you its definitely a good question. There are a couple of things that we are doing.Number 1, we are definitely making sure that we are putting a good portion of this away because when we work hard and things are working w ell right now, I know as well as anybody else that things can change in the future at any time. The best part about hosting EOFire is, I start every show with the worst entrepreneurial moments and that is just the reality, so I know that the next worst moment is right around the corner because nobody expects it, it just happens, boom, just like that. We are definitely looking to build up quite a nest to make sure that when things change, and things always change, that we have a nice little nest so that we can make sure that we smoothly transition into that next stage or opportunity in life.At the same time, we definitely are investing back into our business with a certain portion of the money. We are investing in Facebook advertising and different like Amazon growth opportunities like with the Freedom Journal on Amazon. I am looking at different ways of using Amazon advertising to get that in front of more people, etc. We are definitely looking to invest back into the company with o rganic growth and hire people.Another thing is we are actually hiring another employee to our team which is going to add to our monthly expenses, but we know it is going to add to also the overall growth of our business if it is used correctly.So a little combination of organic growth, a lot of savings, just kind of being stacked up or what may or may not happen in the future, so just having that peace of mind.And we are big into charities, like I donate a lot of money every single month, charities like Pencils of Promise where we built 3 schools at over $75,000 in just the past year alone through Pencils of Promise with 3 separate $25,000 donations. So we kind of want to have that full spectrum that makes sense and that is where we are at.  Martin: Cool.LEARNINGS TIPS FROM JOHN LEE DUMASMartin: John, after talking to you about this Entrepreneur on Fire thing, how do I monetize and how do I build this kind of business Now I would be very interested in, for example, if you are looki ng back to this 1300 podcasts, what have been the 3 major learnings or fuck ups or whatever that entrepreneurs have shared with you?John: Wow.Number 1 is just giving into fear. I mean we are all going to feel, fear is always going to be with us when we try something new, when we try something different, when we put ourselves out there, but it is giving into fear, like that is the major mistake that so many entrepreneurs make, and it happens time and time again.Number 2 is surrounding yourself with the wrong people, like you are an average of the 5 people you spend the most time with. So often entrepreneurs, they just fall into this trap where they slowly but surely sort of surround themselves with the wrong kind of people who just dont really have the same morals or the same outlook or the same desires in life and they become the average of that and this is kind of a downward spiral or a downward trend.The third thing would be just having a singular mentor, like not having that pers on that is just where you want to be right now. Because so often in life we look around a room, and whether it is a physical room or a virtual room, and if you are the smartest person in that room, you are in the wrong room, you have got to get out of there and find another room where you are being challenged, where people are holding you accountable, making it happen. So having that one mentor that is pulling you upwards is okay.Martin: How do you know that the surrounding people are the right ones for you, so that you really make sure: Okay, now I am at the right spot, or no I am identifying I am not at the right spot?John: You just sit down and say: What kind of person do I want to be? What kind of things do I want to accomplish? What do I want to stand for? What do I want to be important in my life? Once you have a grasp on that, then you can look around and say: Okay, now I get it, now I want to attract these people to me and spend time with these people. And maybe I am now pre tty aware that friends 2, 3, and 5 just do not have those qualities, those traits, how do I move them off from my top 5. I am not saying cut them off forever, but you got to move them out of your top 5.Martin: John, do you have a mentor? If yes, who is it and how did you find him?John: Yes, I absolutely do have a mentor, that is and going continue to be private, but it is a mentor and I believe in always having a mentor going forward, that is so important. What I did was, I found somebody who is currently where I want to be and I hired him, I said what is it going to take? You name the price, I want to be where you are, I want you to mentor me, and we have been mentor-mentee ever since.Martin: Cool. Because this is interesting, as you said, this is the price where you are paying, because I would have assumed that a lot of people for example, if I am thinking of who would I love to have as a mentor would not be, lets say acquirable for money but maybe for something else.Imagine, I wo uld love to have this is not true, but I would love to have a Bill Gates or Barrack Obama as my personal mentor, because maybe this is what I want to do. I guess I would never be able to pay Bill Gates, because he has all the money in the world, he doesnt need any more money, maybe he needs something else. So what other things could you think of that could motivate a mentor that you really want to be a mentor?John: Maybe showing them that your mission in this world aligns with their mission, I mean maybe they love the charity water. So if you are willing to really become committed to that and moving that forward in a very powerful way, then that mentor would be inspired to say: Wow, if you are willing to give that to something that I believe in so strongly, I am willing to give some of my time. There are other ways to go about it, for sure.Martin: Great. John, thank you so much for sharing your insights, I wish you all the best with your Entrepreneur of Fire podcast and all the othe r ventures that you are starting, and especially one thing that I really like is that you are doing some charity and helping people with building schools and education and so on. Thank you so much for that.John: Martin thank you, I really enjoyed the chat today.THANKS FOR LISTENING!Thanks so much for joining our 22nd podcast episode!Have some feedback you’d like to share?  Leave  a note in the comment section below! If you enjoyed this episode, please  share  it using the social media buttons you see at the bottom of the post.Also,  please leave an honest review for The Cleverism Podcast on iTunes or on SoundCloud. Ratings and reviews  are  extremely  helpful  and greatly appreciated! They do matter in the rankings of the show, and we read each and every one of them.Special thanks  to John for joining me this week. Until  next time!

Analysis Of The Book Young Goodman Brown By Nathaniel...

Every Valentine s Day, the student council sponsored a holiday fundraiser by selling roses that would be delivered in class. The roses came in four colors: white, yellow, red, pink, and the subtleties of their meaning were parsed and analyzed by the female population to no end. Mimi had always understood it thus: white for love, yellow for friendship, red for passion, and pink for a secret crush. (De La Cruz 161) Symbolism is manifested in many ways. Captivating the reader, symbolism forces the reader to think deeper to see what the author is actually trying to communicate and how to apply it to the overall meaning of the story. The short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes this literary device all throughout the work. Terrance Martin in, Nathaniel Hawthorne, said, â€Å"Reading Hawthorne, we confront the ambiguity of experience and the ambivalence of motive that characterize the human condition;† (Martin pg. 9). â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† tells the story of a young man who had recently converted to Christianity. He had a new wife named Faith. He went on a journey through the woods to see how his faith would stand up. In his story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne used several important symbols, including the wife Faith, her pink ribbons, and the woods, to depict the human nature. Hawthorne used Goodman Brown’s wife Faith to symbolize Brown’s actual faith. Brown was a recent convert to Christianity. When the story began, Brown was getting ready to go on anShow MoreRelatedYoung Goodman Brown from a Moral Standpoint1352 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts. At the age of four, his father passed away from yellow fever, forcing his family to move in with his uncle. The positively influential Uncle Robert Manning pushed Hawthorne to succeed in school and insisted he go to college. Following his education at Bowdoin College, Hawthorne spent years in isolation mastering the art of writing. It was during those years when Hawthorne discovered that his ancestors were founders and Puritan leaders of the SalemRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will break down the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting thanRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1422 Words   |  6 Pages The eighteenth-century author, Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. He was most famous for his writings The Scarlet Letter, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and an abundant array of other books and short stories. The stories that are mentioned contain a copious amount of symbolism throughout the entirety of each book. All the stories that he ever wrote have an underlying meaning and the symbolism was hidden within in the names, characters, placesRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakd own the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1312 Words   |  6 PagesWithin Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story Young Goodman Brown (p.317), Young Goodman Brown travels through a dark and mysterious forest late at night. Ignoring the pleas of his pure wife Faith, he ventures deep into the woods with many dangers around him, only to emerge in the morning a changed man with bewildered views on his own Puritan life and the Puritan community around him. At the cause for this change in mindset, the dream of an old man symbolizing the devil appears, showing him the communityRead MoreThe American Concept Of Self Creation1647 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican slavery days and of a young man’s journey to discovering who he is and what role he plays throughout the book. Another literary example discussed in this review will be Nathaniel Hawthorne’s main character in Young Goodman Brown. This story depicts an internal self-creation whereas the main character undergoes a transformation into someone he fought hard against becoming. These two stories show very different motivations for self-creation; however, in each book, both of the main charactersRead More The Deeper Meanings of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1945 Words   |  8 PagesThe Deeper Meanings of Young Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown, a story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, should be interpreted on a psychoanalytical level rather than a religious one. It is my observation that Young Goodman Brown may very well be the first published work alluding to divisions of the mind and personality theory. Although religion is a direct theme throughout the story, Young Goodman Brown appears to be an allegory with deeper meanings. To explore properly my positionRead MoreFlannery O Connor s Good Country People935 Words   |  4 PagesFlannery O Connor s Good Country People and Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown explore the nature and range of religious hypocrisy congruently. Comparably O Connor s theme focuses on the eclipsed personalities one can have, where Hawthorne s short story pushes the meaning that everyone is secretly corrupt in their own way. While each tale marches to its own tune, the overlap is prominent; both authors strive to make a clear stance that the moral standing of an individual is onlyRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown: Characters4483 Words   |  18 PagesYoung Goodman Brown: Characters Introduction â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story by the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. The story made its first appearance in the New England Magazine for April 1835 and was collected in Mosses from an Old Manse in 1846. The story is set in the Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthornes works, and like most of the stories in Mosses, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† examines Hawthorne’s favorite themes: the loss of religious faith, presence of temptationRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1975 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, is the author of the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† that was written in 1835 (Baym 370). Hawthorne was born in Salem Massachusetts on July 4th, 1804. Hawthorne’s ancestors were of the Puritan descent, and among the first settlers of Massachusetts (Baym 370). During his teen years, Hawthorne was reading stories by British novelists Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollet, and Sir Walter Scott. When he was sixteen he wrote his sister of wanting to become an author and relying of support Analysis Of The Book Young Goodman Brown By Nathaniel... The two stories I chose was Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor. Both of these stories have characters who acknowledge their lives to be changed by the risk of evil. The main characters, Goodman Brown and the grandmother, believe that they are good Christians who will obtain glorious rewards when they pass. While Hawthorne analyzes the Puritanical/Calvinistic beliefes that have harsh, although confused ones, limit with which Goodman can t find restitution, Flannery O Connor allows her character the opportunity for poise with which to regain herself. In the beginning, however, both Goodman Brown and the grandmother set ahead on their trips convinced that they are honest people. Assured that he is between the elect, Brown s attempts on an adventure into the forest, telling his wife Faith he must go just one more time; for he feels he must encounter evil and test himself so he can come back with insight knowing that he is, ac tually, saved. The grandmother is a judgmental, self-centered person who is not aware of her own flaws until she comes faced to face with death. Hawthorne s Brown represents human beings confronted with temptation or trying to satisfy their curiosity. Brown is determined to go on a journey, even though his wife Faith pleads with him to stay. After traveling through the forest, Brown is unable to return to the life he once knew. He became a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, aShow MoreRelatedFlannery O Connor s Good Country People935 Words   |  4 PagesFlannery O Connor s Good Country People and Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown explore the nature and range of religious hypocrisy congruently. Comparably O Connor s theme focuses on the eclipsed personalities one can have, where Hawthorne s short story pushes the meaning that everyone is secretly corrupt in their own way. While each tale marches to its own tune, the overlap is prominent; both authors strive to make a clear stance that the moral standing of an individual is only

WorldCom Fraud Case Essay - 2223 Words

In 1983, while in a small coffee shop in Hattiesburg Mississippi, Bernard Ebbers developed the business concept that would eventually become the second largest long distance telephone company in the United States, WorldCom (Romar and Calkins). In 2002, the company that Bernard Ebbers grew from the ground up declared the largest bankruptcy in United States history. The unethical and illegal accounting treatments that WorldCom participated in eventually led to the demise of the company and a new company, MCI, rising from the rubble of what was WorldCom. There were two main issues that provided pressure for the senior executives at WorldCom to commit fraud. WorldCom became the second largest long distance telephone company because of its†¦show more content†¦The acquisition on MCI provides just one example of how WorldCom’s senior management failing at meeting these merger and acquisition challenges. When a long-time WorldCom customer called one of the newly acquired MCI customer service centers, he was told that he was not a customer, and if he was, he had called the wrong office because the office he called only handled MCI accounts (Moberg and Romar). There is no doubt that WorldCom had significant talent in buying out competitors, but the company was clearly not up to the task of merging the companies (Moberg and Romar). â€Å"Dozens of conflicting computer systems remained, local systems were repetitive and failed to work together properly, and billing systems were not coordinated† (Moberg and Romar). The aggressive acquisition strategy that WorldCom was implementing was put into jeopardy in 2002 when the federal government refused to let WorldCom acquire Sprint (Moberg and Romar). This denial forced WorldCom to focus on creating value from their previously acquired companies that were already poor performing because the mergers were done so carelessly (Moberg and Romar). The second issue that provided the pressure for senior exe cutives to commit fraud was the sweetheart loans that were made to senior executives. Bernie Ebbers, the CEO of WorldCom was offered generous stock options and purchases (Moberg and Romar). This is not necessarily aShow MoreRelatedThe Case About Accounting Fraud At Worldcom1964 Words   |  8 Pagesthe analysis of the case about Accounting Fraud at WorldCom Group member: Weichuan Xu Miao zhou 1. What are the pressures that lead executives and managers to cook the books? Firstly, one of the pressure is the company’s goal that was made by the top executive Ebbers. There is an economic recession and the bubble collapse which make the conditions deteriorate in 2012. He thinks that the company should focus on being the NO.1 stock on Wall street rather than the company’s really good operationRead MoreAccounting Scandal of Worldcom940 Words   |  4 PagesMANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING WORLDCOM How did it cook the books? 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Once the market for WorldCom s services started to coolRead MoreWorldcom Failure1198 Words   |  5 PagesWorldCom Failure in relation to its Organizational Behavior LDR/531 - Organizational Leadership October 7, 2010 WorldCom Failure in relation to its Organizational Behavior INTRODUCTION Year 2002 saw an unprecedented number of corporate scandals: Enron, Tyco, Global Crossing, etc. In many ways, WorldCom is just another case of failed corporate governance, accounting abuses, and outright greed. Many people may question if there is a secret to operating a successful business in modern times.Read MoreBusiness Failure of Worldcom in the Light of Organizational Behavior Theories1313 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: Examining Business Failures Business Failure of WorldCom in the Light of Organizational Behavior Theories Abstract Business failures occur usually due to lack of organizational leadership and unethical practices prevalent within an organization. Managers and leaders tend to be a lighthouse for any organization and if they adopt unethical ways, then the entire organization suffer from extreme loss and disgrace. WorldComs bankruptcy scandal is a big example of business failureRead MoreRelationship Between Andersen And Worldcom Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesRelationship between Andersen and WorldCom Andersen was WorldCom’s external auditor from 1990 to 2002. They has shared a good relationship since the time Andersen was found. After MCI had been acquired by WorldCom, Andersen got the position to audit MCI at the cost that WorldCom offered Andersen less amount of auditing service fee than other accounting firms. (ACC guest speaker series presents David Myers.(2009).[Video/DVD] Baylor University). But according to the size of WorldCom, such amount of money couldRead MoreLost insurance benefits as well as retirement benefits tied to WorldCom stock. Shareholders, which1200 Words   |  5 Pagesas well as retirement benefits tied to WorldCom stock. Shareholders, which included many pension funds, lost billions of dollars. The California public-employee’s retirement system, the largest state pension fund in the country, sued in an attempt to regain some of the $580 million it lost in the WorldCom debacle (Ripley 6). The telecommunications industry suffered as well. Industry companies were competing against WorldCom under false pretenses. WorldCom was fraudulently stating its financialsRead MoreFraud : The Perfect Fraud Storm1420 Words   |  6 PagesStatement Fraud Option #2 The perfect fraud storm occurred between the years 2000 and 2002 involving two of the largest energy and telecom corporations in the United States: Enron and WorldCom. It was determined that both organizations fraudulently overstated assets, created assets from expenses or overstated revenues, costing investors billions of dollars and resulting in both organizations declaring bankruptcy (Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht Zimbelman, 2012). Nine factors contributed to fraud triangleRead MoreIndustry Specific Changes. The Telecommunications Industry1697 Words   |  7 Pagesproposals are approved on a case-by-case basis (Litan Noll 2004). During the 90s boom, Ebbers and LDDS Communications successfully expands through various acquisitions. By the time the 1996 Telecommunications Act is enacted, competition in the telecommunications industry soared. After the successful acquisitions of MFS Communications and UUNet Technologies, the newly formed WorldCom offers long distance, data communication, and local services. In 1997, WorldCom successfully acquires MCI CommunicationRead MoreDo Big Companies Take So Much From Each Other?1328 Words   |  6 Pagessubsidiary of Verizon Communications. In the article World-Class Scandal At WorldCom by David Hancock he discusses how â€Å"The corporation was formed as a result of the fusion of WorldCom and MCI Communications corporations, and used the name MCI WorldCom for a while and was succeeded by the WorldCom Company, before changing its name on April 12, 2003, as part of the corporation s ending of their bankruptcy status.† WorldCom Inc. began as a small Mississip pi telephone service provider of long distance

Negotiating Teams Free Essays

What are the most important considerations in selecting a negotiation team? Give examples. Why is time an important consideration in international business negotiations. There are four steps that lead to more efficient and effective international business negotiations. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiating Teams or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first step is to select an appropriate negotiation team. Successful global business is dependent on a skillful international negotiator. A good negotiator should be mature, flexible, empathetic, emotionally stable, knowledgeable, optimistic, team player, good listener, influential, and have stamina. Probably the single most important quality needed for a negotiator is listening. A good negotiator must also be aware of cultural differences with whom they are negotiating. It is important to know the negotiating differences between people involved like their language, values, non verbal behaviors, and decision making process. For example, the American culture is based on independence and individualism. Americans need to learn how be part of a team and use team assistance to be a successful negotiation team. Another example, in regards to being a good listener, would be that someone on the negotiation team needs to collect information by taking good notes during meetings. It is very important that they listen carefully without speaking and interpret the needs of the people that they are negotiating with. Generally, experienced negotiators say that there is never enough time to prepare for negotiations. Lots of time is needed to assess the situation, assess the people you are negotiating with, gather facts, plan an agenda, think about possible agreements and strategies, and assign the team their responsibilities. Different cultures think differently on how their time is spent during negotiations. Some cultures like to structure negotiation time tackling all the issues at once and other cultures like to split up the issues and tackle them one at a time. Making sure that enough time is spent on each step of negotiations can vary from country to country. Time is an important factor to make sure that all four steps: nontask sounding, task related information exchange, persuasion, and concessions and agreements all receive an appropriate amount of time dedicated to each step. Certain cultures are more sensitive to time, like Americans, and if others involved in the negotiations don’t keep appropriate timing to the start, during, and end of negotiations it may cause misunderstandings. Time is involved in all steps of international business negotiations and is very important consideration during the planning, during the process of negotiations, after the negotiations and related to cultural awareness. How to cite Negotiating Teams, Papers

Differences Between Listening to Recorded Music and Going to Live Concerts free essay sample

Throughout the history, music is always one of the most popular forms of entertainment. In the contemporary society, as the development of technologies and the popularization of media, music becomes a part of people’s daily lives. Music is everywhere, and people like it. Many people buy music albums or download music from the Internet, but others prefer to go to live concerts. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between Listening to Recorded Music and Going to Live Concerts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What are the differences between listening to recorded music and going to live concerts? Three main differences between listening to recorded music and going to live concerts are money, transportation, and convenience. The first point to note is that listening to recorded music and going to live concerts differ in how much money is spent. Usually, listening to recorded music costs less than going to live concerts. For instance, the price of a music album is almost always lower than the price of a concert ticket. On the other hand, according to some music albums which are more expensive than some concert tickets, they can be cheaper in another way; music albums can be kept for a long time and be played hundreds or thousands times, but live concerts are just once for a few hours, so listening to recorded music is relatively cheaper than going to live concerts. Another typical example is online downloading. The Internet provides an enormous amount of recorded music that people can purchase at lower prices even free. BODY #2 BODY#3 To sum up, listening to recorded music differ from going to live concerts in how much money is spent, aspects of transportation, and the convenience. Each one has its own advantages, and they cannot substitute for each other. The combination of listening to recorded music and going to live concerts would be the best way to enjoy music.

Information System Processes in Wal

Introduction Wal-Mart Company, which was opened by Sam Walton in 1962, is among the largest retail stores in the world. Walton opened it to sell products at reduced prices in order to give customers an opportunity to save money and use it to improve their lives. The company was therefore started as a small discount store.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Information System Processes in Wal-Mart Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wal-Mart was committed to satisfying the needs of its customers by serving them in a friendly manner and offering them low prices. Until today, the company maintains its initial commitment to serve its customers. The company’s shares started trading at the New York Stock Exchange in 1972 (McKeefery 3). Currently, Wal-Mart has more than 9600 retail outlets that are spread in different countries and a total of 2.1 million workers. Most of them are based in the United States . General Explanation of Wal-Mart’s Business Process Wal-Mart has limited competitors because it has been able to establish a big business empire. It operates about 700 discount stores in the United States and 2900 supercenters, which stock groceries. In addition, it has smaller format stores that have been growing fast. The company has stores that perform well in Canada and Mexico and runs its activities in several Asian countries (Organizational Structure 6). Wal-Mart’s use of Information Systems Wal-Mart is among business organizations that have been able to implement information systems successfully. The company’s information systems aim at centralizing its operations in order to develop common practices, which can be applied in its stores around the world. All business activities carried out by Wal-Mart use technology. For instance, technology is applied to keep records of inventories from suppliers and maintain a good relationship with customers, which att racts and retains them. Application of information systems has benefited Wal-Mart since it has enabled the company to maintain its status as a leader in the market. One of the most important information systems that Wal-Mart applies is bar code system. The company is among organizations that successfully organize data gathered from different places into meaningful information.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The data, which are gathered from bar codes, are used to monitor sales. Wal-Mart has access to information on product sales such as the type of products purchased and their prices price. This is combined with advanced telecommunications to facilitate transfer of information between different branches and the centralized system. This enables Wal-Mart to sustain a real-time database equipped with adequate data on company transactions. Radio frequency identification, c ommonly referred to as RFID is another information system that is used by Wal-Mart. This is a technology that uses small tags, which contain microchips with data on particular items. The technology transmits radio signals along short distances. The signals are received by RFID readers, which pass the data to computers for processing. RFID tags are easy to work with hence the company is able to access information that is used to identify different products (Wal-Mart stores Inc 5). This type of information system enables Wal-Mart to increase its effectiveness in terms of inventory control and management of supply chains. The company can track its products along supply chains (Laudon Jane 45). Wal-Mart is also credited with the introduction of self-check-out lanes. Since the company serves many customers at the same time, sometimes, they are forced to queue for many hours. This information system makes it easy for customers to move in and out of the company’s premises without d ifficulties. Wal-Mart Information System Processes Ways through which Information Systems would Improve Wal-Mart Processes Information systems would bring numerous benefits to Wal-Mart since advancements in technology have compelled companies to embrace the concept in order to serve their customers better. Information systems would enable Wal-Mart to reduce costs and increase profits. For instance, RFID would enable the company to monitor its supply chains (Wailgum 5).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Information System Processes in Wal-Mart Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would eliminate possible losses that occur due to a lack of proper tracking of different processes. Information systems would also ensure that both customers and the company’s employees do not waste a lot of time. For instance, self-check-out lanes would facilitate entry and exit of customers into the company’s premises. Without this system, customers would be required to queue for many hours. However, this problem would be solved through the use of information systems. Suggestion for Improvement Wal-Mart should take several measures in order to improve service delivery. The first thing that the company should do is to redefine the RFID mandate by restricting it to products that do not have high amounts of liquid and metal. This would give vendors and suppliers enough time to confirm reliability of tags for all products. The company should use its powerful nature to develop a buying consortium. Wal-Mart should also endeavor to ensure that its customers are aware of different information systems that the company uses. This would ensure that its investment in information systems is utilized accordingly. Works Cited Laudon, Kenneth, L. Jane. Managing information systems-managing the digital firm. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. McKeefery, Kevin. Wal-Mart restruct ures to boost e-commerce. 2010. Web. Organizational structure 2011. Web.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wailgum, Thomas. 45 years of Wal-Mart history: a technology time line. 2007. Web. Wal-Mart stores Inc. 2011. Web. This assessment on Information System Processes in Wal-Mart Company was written and submitted by user Greyson R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Marquis de Lafayette, French and American Revolutionary

Marquis de Lafayette, French and American Revolutionary Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (September 6, 1757–May 20, 1834) was a French aristocrat who gained fame as an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Arriving in North America in 1777, he quickly formed a bond with General George Washington and initially served as an aide to the American leader. Proving a skilled and dependable commander, Lafayette earned greater responsibility as the conflict progressed and played a key part in obtaining aid from France for the American cause. Fast Facts: Marquis de Lafayette Known For: French aristocrat who fought as an officer for the Continental Army in the American Revolution, and later, the French RevolutionBorn: September 6, 1757 in Chavaniac, FranceParents: Michel du Motier and Marie de La Rivià ¨reDied: May 20, 1834 in Paris, FranceEducation: Collà ¨ge du Plessis and the Versailles AcademySpouse: Marie Adrienne Franà §oise de Noailles (m. 1774)Children: Henriette du Motier, Anastasie Louise Pauline du Motier, Georges Washington Louis Gilbert du Motier, Marie Antoinette Virginie du Motier Returning home after the war, Lafayette served in a central role during the early years of the French Revolution and helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Falling from favor, he was jailed for five years before being released in 1797. With the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Lafayette began a long career as a member of the Chamber of Deputies. Early Life Born September 6, 1757, at Chavaniac, France, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette was the son of Michel du Motier and Marie de La Rivià ¨re. A long-established military family, an ancestor had served with Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orleans during the Hundred Years War. A colonel in the French Army, Michel fought in the Seven Years War and was killed by a cannonball at the Battle of Minden in August 1759. Raised by his mother and grandparents, the young marquis was sent to Paris for education at the Collà ¨ge du Plessis and the Versailles Academy. While in Paris, Lafayettes mother died. Gaining military training, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Musketeers of the Guard on April 9, 1771. Three years later, he married Marie Adrienne Franà §oise de Noailles on April 11, 1774. In the Army Through Adriennes dowry he received a promotion to captain in the Noailles Dragoons Regiment. After their marriage, the young couple lived near Versailles while Lafayette completed his schooling at the Acadà ©mie de Versailles. While training at Metz in 1775, Lafayette met the Comte de Broglie, commander of the Army of the East. Taking a liking to the young man, de Broglie invited him to join the Freemasons. Through his affiliation in this group, Lafayette learned of the tensions between Britain and its American colonies. By participating in the Freemasons and other thinking groups in Paris, Lafayette became an advocate for the rights of man and the abolition of slavery. As the conflict in the colonies evolved into open warfare, he came to believe that the ideals of the American cause closely reflected his own. Coming  to America In December 1776, with the American Revolution raging, Lafayette lobbied to go to America. Meeting with American agent Silas Deane, he accepted an offer to enter American service as a major general. Learning of this, his father-in-law, Jean de Noailles, had Lafayette assigned to Britain as he did not approve of Lafayettes American interests. During a brief posting in London, he was received by King George III and met several future antagonists, including Major General Sir Henry Clinton. Returning to France, he obtained aid from de Broglie and Johann de Kalb to advance his American ambitions. Learning of this,  de Noailles sought aid from King Louis XVI who issued a decree banning French officers from serving in America. Though forbidden by King Louis XVI to go, Lafayette purchased a ship, Victoire, and evaded efforts to detain him. Reaching Bordeaux, he boarded Victoire and put to sea on April 20, 1777. Landing near Georgetown, South Carolina, on June 13, Lafayette briefly stayed with Major Benjamin Huger before proceeding to Philadelphia. Arriving, Congress initially rebuffed him as they were tired of Deane sending French glory seekers. After offering to serve without pay, and aided by his Masonic connections, Lafayette received his commission but it was dated July 31, 1777, rather than the date of his agreement with Deane and he was not assigned a unit. For these reasons, he nearly returned home; however, Benjamin Franklin dispatched a letter to General George Washington asking the American commander to accept the young Frenchman as an aide-de-camp. The two first met on August 5, 1777, at a dinner in Philadelphia and immediately formed a lasting rapport.   First meeting of the Marquis de Lafayette and George Washington, 1777. Library of Congress Into the Fight Accepted onto Washingtons staff, Lafayette first saw action at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777. Outflanked by the British, Washington allowed Lafayette to join Major General John Sullivans men. While attempting to rally Brigadier General Thomas Conways Third Pennsylvania Brigade, Lafayette was wounded in the leg but did not seek treatment until an orderly retreat was organized. For his actions, Washington cited him for bravery and military ardour and recommended him for divisional command. Briefly leaving the army, Lafayette traveled to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to recuperate from his wound. Recovering, he assumed command of Major General Adam Stephens division after that general was relieved following the Battle of Germantown. With this force, Lafayette saw action in New Jersey while serving under Major General Nathanael Greene.  This included winning a victory at the Battle of Gloucester on November 25 which saw his troops defeat British forces under Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis. Rejoining the army at Valley Forge, Lafayette was asked by Major General Horatio Gates and the Board of War to proceed to Albany to organize an invasion of Canada. Before leaving, Lafayette alerted Washington about his suspicions regarding Conways efforts to have him removed from command of the army. Arriving at Albany, he found that there were too few men present for an invasion and after negotiating an alliance with the Oneidas he returned to Valley Forge. Rejoining Washingtons army, Lafayette was critical of the boards decision to attempt an invasion of Canada during the winter. In May 1778, Washington dispatched Lafayette with 2,200 men to ascertain British intentions outside Philadelphia. Further Campaigns Aware of Lafayettes presence, the British marched out of the city with 5,000 men in an effort to capture him. In the resulting Battle of Barren Hill, Lafayette was skillfully able to extract his command and rejoin Washington. The following month, he saw action at the Battle of Monmouth as Washington attempted to attack Clinton as he withdrew to New York. In July, Greene and Lafayette were dispatched to Rhode Island to aid Sullivan with his efforts to expel the British from the colony. The operation centered on cooperation with a French fleet led Admiral Comte de dEstaing. This was not forthcoming as dEstaing departed for Boston to repair his ships after they were damaged in a storm. This action angered the Americans as they felt that they had been abandoned by their ally. Racing to Boston, Lafayette worked to smooth things over after a riot resulting from dEstaings actions erupted. Concerned about the alliance, Lafayette asked for leave to return to France to ensure its continuance. Granted, he arrived in February 1779 and was briefly detained for his earlier disobedience to the king. Virginia Yorktown Working with Franklin, Lafayette lobbied for additional troops and supplies. Granted 6,000 men under General Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau, he returned to America in May 1781. Sent to Virginia by Washington, he conducted operations against the traitor Benedict Arnold and shadowed Cornwallis army as it moved north. Nearly trapped at the Battle of Green Spring in July, Lafayette monitored British activities until the arrival of Washingtons army in September. Taking part in the Siege of Yorktown, Lafayette was present at the British surrender. Return to France Sailing home to France in December 1781, Lafayette was received at Versailles and promoted to field marshal. After aiding in planning an aborted expedition to the West Indies, he worked with Thomas Jefferson to develop trade agreements. Returning to America in 1782, he toured the country and received several honors. Remaining active in American affairs, he routinely met with the new countrys representatives in France. French Revolution On December 29, 1786, King Louis XVI appointed Lafayette to the Assembly of Notables which was convened to address the nations worsening finances. Arguing for spending cuts, he was one who called for the convening of the Estates General. Elected to represent the nobility from Riom, he was present when the Estates General opened on May 5, 1789. Following the Oath of the Tennis Court and the creation of the National Assembly, Lafayette joined the new body and on July 11, 1789, he presented a draft of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Lieutenant General Marquis de Lafayette, 1791. Public Domain Appointed to lead the new National Guard on July 15, Lafayette worked to maintain order. Protecting the king during the March on Versailles in October, he diffused the situation- although the crowd demanded that Louis move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris. He was again called to the Tuileries on February 28, 1791, when several hundred armed aristocrats surrounded the palace in an effort to defend the king. Dubbed the Day of Daggers, Lafayettes men disarmed the group and arrested many of them. Later Life After a failed escape attempt by the king that summer, Lafayettes political capital began to erode. Accused of being a royalist, he sunk further after the Champ de Mars Massacre when National Guardsmen fired into a crowd. Returning home in 1792, he was soon appointed to lead one of the French armies during the War of the First Coalition. Working for peace, he sought to shut down the radical clubs in Paris. Branded a traitor, he attempted to flee to the Dutch Republic but was captured by the Austrians. Marquis de Lafayette, 1825. National Portrait Gallery Held in prison, he was finally released by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797. Largely retiring from public life, he accepted a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1815. In 1824, he made one final tour of America and was hailed as a hero. Six years later, he declined the dictatorship of France during the July Revolution and Louis-Phillipe was crowned king. The first person granted honorary United States citizenship, Lafayette died on May 20, 1834, at the age of 76. Sources Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. New York: Wiley, 2003.Levasseur, A. Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825; or, Journal of a Voyage to the United States. Trans. Godman, John D. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1829.Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette and the Historians: Changing Symbol, Changing Needs, 1834–1984. Historical Reflections / Rà ©flexions Historiques 11.3 (1984): 373–401. Print.Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Marketing Audit Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Audit Approach - Essay Example retaining and growing the value of existing customers-new internal systems and operations are needed to manage the communication demands of relationship marketing. The relevance of marketing audit is the current Marketing management and performance of the organization - the overall marketing strategy of the business and the assumptions on which the strategy is based. The purpose of a marketing audit is not to determine any weaknesses or inefficient activities, but rather to identify whether there are any working practices that could be more effective. The marketing team within a business is fully involved in the marketing audit. They may carry out the audit themselves, or with the support of an outside consultant. A thorough audit of the external and internal environments impacting on marketing is essential in providing the foundation for the marketing plan. A marketing audit is a series of important questions, such as: Consequently, companies are setting up cross-functional processes and making other structural changes to better manage brand relationships. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of such efforts, there is an increasing need to audit these internal processes to make sure that they are, in fact, integrated, and operating efficiently and effectively. Observation, Impact of the observation on marketing objectiv... Impact of the observation on marketing objectives, Recommendations and Final Action of the management to correct the flaw as pointed out in the observation. This can be used to improve current strategies or introduce more effective activities and working practices. The marketing audit aims at observing the functioning of the marketing and sales departments by objectively analyzing the marketing function of a business, by looking in particular at: Efficiency - how the marketing team is structured, the processes employed, and how outside agencies and services are used; this is measured by looking at the infrastructure of the business. Each marketing function is separated into discrete tasks and key issues that affect the business are identified. Effectiveness - results of marketing activity and by looking at how the budget has been spent in relation to the original objectives; this is measured by assessing the impact of the marketing activity, compared to the size of the marketing budget being spent. The marketing spend is analyzed by service, type of activity and intended result Quality - reviewed, by measuring it against external opinions from clients and other stakeholders; this is measured by comparison with 'best practice'. It can also be done by benchmarking. The "benchmark" provides a standard for future campaigns. The cost and impact of marketing is measured against similar activities in other organizations. This information can be difficult to obtain, as it is often confidential. Benchmarking can reap rewards The methods of conducting a marketing audit could be any of the following: 1. Core Competencies Questionnaire: This questionnaire determines the respondents' knowledge of the marketing and marketing communication plans and practices and their attitudes

The Rise and Influence of Nationalism in Japan around WWII Essay

The Rise and Influence of Nationalism in Japan around WWII - Essay Example WWII strengthened such ideologies as Bushido (the way of the warrior) and religious ideology of Shinto, ideas of the "New Structure’ and "Consensus State†. These different forms of nationalism were mutually acceptable. The â€Å"New Structure† was a necessary component of nationalism, and new institutions had to be imported as a means of linking all Japanese to one national bureaucracy for political and economic centralization. The very act of importing these institutions, the values upon which they were based on a direct support to the social and cultural traditions formed the essence of the Japanese nation. In contrast to other states preached individualism, Japanese nationalism was based on the idea of collective identity and objectives which helped to unite the nation against ‘outside’ world. The emperor did not play a dominant role in political and social life. Critics suppose that control over the countries and its political strategies were esta blished by the military, formed by the Emperor and Government. During the WWII, Japanese practiced kamikaze as one of the main national traditions. They had special kamikaze units in the Japanese Fleet who made a great damage to enemies. Because Japanese believe that the world in which they lived and the political world were two separate entities, it was difficult to get the public to identify with the state and political institutions. The social system had a higher importance in Japan than the political system, and political institutions had very little cultural meaning to Japanese. As occurred in the Meiji period, Japan's defeat led to a wholesale rejection of prewar institutions and a wholehearted adoption of most of the occupation reforms as a means of ridding Japan of its inferior status.

The Role of External Auditors in Accounting

The Role of External Auditors in Accounting Introduction Auditor liability has always been one of the main concerns of the public. Often falling under common law, tort law or both, public liability claims can arise out of unfair or unjust practices when it comes to auditing a companys financial standing (Lambe, 2007). The auditors can be held liable for approving a fraudulent account on behalf of a business organisation. Auditor liability, or failure to detect and report illegal manipulations of financial statements, could lead to serious damages for the shareholders of the company (Schaefer, 2004). In most cases, a fraudulent act exists when one or more auditors, on behalf of a company, approve inaccurate accounting for the reason of tax evasion or to strategically register for an Initial Public Offering (IPO). To prevent moral hazard associated with auditor liability, the British Serious Fraud Office has imposed heavy penalties on swindlers and white collar criminals in order to shut down or suspend suspicious businesses (Country Updates, 1997). On the other hand, auditors who are found guilty of professional negligence may end up facing a monetary loss or penalty through punitive fines and/or the confiscation of their licence to practise in the United Kingdom. According to Priddy (2011, p. 59), as stated by Michael Power of the London School of Economics, it was not reasonable to expect auditors to be challenging business models and raising strategic issues with finance directors, because that was not their job and if we want it to be their job, then things would have to change quite substantially à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The direction of my comment is that we might be expecting too much from this black box [External Audit] in terms of what it actually delivers. In response to Powers statement, this report will first discuss the roles and responsibilities of external auditors and then provide a brief overview of corporate governance. In line with this, there is a strong need to go through some business theories and concepts that will enable readers to have a better understanding of how businesses function in the corporate world. Based on the individual offices and duties of shareholders, internal and external auditors, the board of directors, and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), this report will explain the limitations of the roles and responsibilities of external auditors when it comes to detecting and controlling fraudulent business activities. Roles and Responsibilities of External Auditors External auditors are professionals who are hired to conduct audits based on the rules or laws on creating financial statements for the government, a private company, or a legal organisation (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2011). According to Kwok (2005, pp. 151-161), accounting irregularities can be made for the purpose of tax evasion or theft, for instance, creating ghost employees, skimming from the proceeds, or stealing an asset. Specifically in the United Kingdom, Chartered Accountants and Certified General Accountants are the groups of individuals who are qualified to conduct external auditing. According to Poorter (2008), auditors practising within the United Kingdom have to perform a special duty of care towards a liable third party. This means that external auditors are made responsible for the fair, just and reasonable treatment of the companys external shareholders. In case of a binding contract between the company and its shareholders, it is a general rule for the external auditor(s) to fulfil his or her statutory duty as an auditor to shareholders collectively. As a standard operating procedure, external auditors are expected to evaluate the financial statement of an organisation on a yearly basis (Hicks and Goo 2008, p. 261). Upon going through the financial statement of a government, a private company, or a legal organisation, external auditors are expected to come up with a professional opinion regarding the financial statement presented to them by the organisation (Kwok 2005, p. 178). Correspondingly, external audit committees are expected to determine whether the accountants are able to adapt along with generally accepted accounting principles or whether they have made appropriate judgments, estimates, and complete disclosures in the financial statements (Hicks and Goo 2008, p. 259; Kwok 2005, p. 178). Given that the external auditors find something inappropriate in the presented financial statement, they should report their complaints to the company to allow the board of directors to review. As part of protecting the company and its shareholders, external auditors are expected to determine any possible damages that could result from the company owners major business decisions. Considering that external auditors are liable to both the company for which they work and the shareholders of the company as a third party, external auditors should avoid coming up with a biased judgment by making use of their best professional knowledge to protect the interests of everyone involved. Although internal and external auditors technically have the same roles and responsibilities when it comes to auditing a financial statement, an important difference between the two is that an external auditor is an independent party outside the organisation being audited (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2011). Another difference between internal and external auditors is that the general public, large groups of investors, and government agencies have the tendency to rely more on the audit report coming from the external auditors than the report presented to them by the internal auditors. Brief Overview with regards to Corporate Governance According to Colley et al. (2005), corporate governance refers to a system of authoritative direction or government which carefully examines the individual roles and responsibilities of the business owners, the shareholders, the board of directors (executive and non-executive), the CEO, and accountants. Since corporate governance is composed of both neutral and objective corporate values (Solomon 2007, p. 4; Haller and Shore 2005, p. 18), a lot of people consider good corporate governance as an acceptable model of business ethics and a moral duty on the part of a corporations executives and board of directors. Board of Directors Aguilera et al. (2008) revealed that corporate governance is often considered as the basis for making policy for a business organisation in relation to the actual structure of the board, the activism of the shareholders, and overall business performance. With regards to organisational policies and procedures, the board of directors within a business organisation has a significant role to play when it comes to successfully implementing corporate governance (Nordberg, 2007; Kim and Nofsinger 2006, p. 41). For this reason, the members of the board are required not only to carefully analyse the corporate financial report, but also to meet regularly to discuss the proposed strategic plans and issues that will significantly affect the success of the business (Solomon 2007, p. 103). Executive and Non-Executive Directors The board of directors is composed of executive and non-executive directors. As part of strengthening corporate governance, the companys board of directors is given responsibility for making important decisions in the best interests of the company and its shareholders (Mallin 2007, p. 125). Aside from determining corporate goals, developing strategic plans that will enable the business to meet those corporate goals, and implementing organisational policies to meet the businesss objectives (Mallin 2007, p. 124; Kim and Nofsinger 2006, p. 41), the board of directors is responsible for controlling operations, making decisions for resource acquisitions, and driving improvements in the quality of service (Carpenter, 1988; Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978). Since not all of the members of the board are directly or actively engaged in the daily business operations of a company, readers should be aware of some crucial distinctions between the roles and responsibilities of executive and non-executive directors with regards to corporate governance. It is common business knowledge that the executive directors are the ones who are directly involved in the daily business transactions that occur within and outside of the company, whereas the non-executive or outside directors are not. Despite the differences between the responsibilities of executive and non-executive directors, the Commission has publicly announced under the Action Plan Modernisation of company law and enhancing corporate governance in the European Union that all of the board of directors (regardless of whether they are executive or non-executive) should at all times ensure their collective responsibility when it comes to monitoring the financial and non-financial information behind the corporation (Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, 2003). Unlike the non-executive directors, the executive board of directors can easily access valuable business information such as corporate financial statements. By accessing this information, executive directors are able to examine company records on daily sales and expenses and other major business transactions like public shares, loans and investments. In the process of going through the companys financial statements, executive shareholders should be on the lookout for any signs of unusual business activity that could adversely affect the long-term operation of the business. Similar to the role of executive directors in corporate governance, it is the role and responsibility of the non-executive directors to reduce conflicting interests between the actual shareholders, the executive board of directors, and the management team who works behind the company (Solomon 2007, p. 82 and 92). For this reason, Waldo (1985, p. 5) strongly suggests that the best way for the executive and non-executive directors to perform their duty effectively is to actually go through the companys business information, including the corporate financial statement. Even though the non-executive directors are inactive in terms of monitoring the daily operations of a company, several studies revealed that the non-executive directors are expected to strictly and regularly monitor the progress of the overall business, its legal and ethical performance, strategic choices and implementation techniques used by the top management, including the appointing or removal of the members of the senior management aside from giving the rest of the board members some advice with regards to the strategies used in enabling the company reach the corporate goals and business objectives (Solomon 2007, p. 82; Carpenter, 1988)  [1]  . By closely monitoring the daily activities of the companys executive directors, the non-executive directors should make the executive directors accountable for the companys shareholders and external investors (Mallin 2007, p. 132; Solomon 2007, p. 88; Fama and Jensen, 1983). Solomon (2007, p. 86) revealed that there is a link between the role of non-executive directors and the role of institutional investors in the sense that the non-executive directors effort in ensuring that the business is free from any forms of corruption could somehow protect the socio-economic welfare of the companys public investors. Several authors suggest that the non-executive board of directors is strongly encouraged to actively participate in the board meetings with the rest of the directors and shareholders to protect the interests of the public investors (Mallin 2007, p. 125; Solomon 2007, pp. 86-88). Roles and Responsibilities of Accountants In general, accountants are not only made responsible for producing an accurate, true, and fair financial statement that not only enables the senior managers to make important business decisions, but also give the public stockholders the privilege of accurately monitoring their investments in the company. Because corporate accountants maintain accurate and transparent financial accounting information at all times, accountants play one of the few most important roles in the development of effective corporate governance. To ensure that the company is able to come up with an accurate corporate financial statement, the business organisation should hire internal and external auditors who are qualified in monitoring fair and true financial values. Discussion Romano (1996) explained that the shareholders have the authoritative power to influence the manifestations of legal and/or illegal business transactions. Given that most of the corporate shareholders are the business owners, these individuals are the ones who are in the position to select and elect their preferred members to the board for the purpose of managing the business affairs. On the other hand, it is the board of directors who appoint, hire, and delegate specific roles and responsibility to a selected CEO. In a normal business setting, it is the CEO who is in charge of managing the actual business operations. For this reason, the CEO is often made accountable not only to the business owners but also to the board of directors. Upon analysing the corporate structure that is commonly used in large-scale companies, it is often the business owners together with the voluntary participation of the executive directors, the CEO, and the accounting manager who have the authoritative power to manipulate the companys official business documents. By going through the corporate financial statement, the non-executive board of directors should search for any signs of unusual business activities that could create serious consequences for the company. To prevent coming up with a biased judgment, the non-executive board of directors should consult with the internal or external auditors regarding any signs of unusual business transactions. Due to the flow of authoritative power within a business organisation, it is possible on the part of the shareholders, the members of the board, and the CEO to enter into business collusion with the business owners. By engaging the cooperation of accountants, business owners and corporate leaders may easily manipulate corporate financial records at the expense of the stakeholders and external shareholders. According to Becht, Jekinson and Mayer (2005), collusion among corporate leaders makes corporate governance one of the most controversial topics related to business and finance. Cassill and Hill (2007) explained that according to the principles of corporate governance, by voting on major financial decisions, the board of directors is made responsible for ensuring a balance between the business owners monetary interests and actual profit-sharing with the companys employees and the rest of the other stakeholders. Several authors agree that corporate governance should be based on neutral and objective corporate values (Solomon 2007, p. 4; Haller and Shore 2005, p. 18). Since there is plenty of opportunity for the business owners to manipulate the board of directors to support their own personal interests, the concept of corporate governance can easily be violated at the expense of the majority of employees and public investors. A corrupt business culture is one that not only does not balk at accepting bribery, but may also be open to the practise of illegal offshore financing or the intentional manipulation of the actual financial statement (Dine, 2008). Within a business organisation, the board of directors and executives are among the few individuals typically behind the practise and development of a corrupt culture. For this reason, Dine (2008) revealed that European corporate law, following the UK model of corporate governance, is focused on investigating shareholders and the board of directors. Two good examples of real-world scenarios in the history of finance are the cases of WorldCom and Enron. In the case of WorldCom, its board of directors failed to fulfil their duty in terms of closely monitoring the executives management activities (Monks and Minom 2004, p. 509). This made them unable to protect the interests of their stakeholders. In the case of Enron, a total of 18 directors, including the CFO, ex-CEO, chief accounting officer and chief risk officer, voluntarily participated in the CEOs decision to manipulate the companys financial statement (Kim and Nofsinger 2006, pp. 52-53; Davis, 2005; CNN Money, 2004). Limitations in the Roles and Responsibilities of External Auditors when it comes to Detecting and Controlling Fraud Activities in Business Although the general public, government agencies, and a large number of investors rely heavily on the audit reports coming from the external auditors, there are still some limitations with regards to what the external auditors can do in detecting and controlling fraud activities that could happen within a profit or non-profit organisations. Hicks and Goo (2008, p. 258) explained that it is the managements responsibility to prepare complete and accurate financial statements and disclosures in accordance with the financial reporting standards and applicable rules and regulations. Therefore, it is wrong to believe that the external auditors are solely responsible for preventing the incidence of financial fraud. As stated by Kwok (2005, p. 168), an audit does not guarantee the detection of all material misstatements because of such factors as the use of judgment, the use of sample testing, the inherent limitations of internal control, and the fact that much of the evidence available to the auditors is persuasive rather than conclusive in nature. Since external auditors are auditing financial statements that are presented to them by the corporate accountants, it is expected that external auditors could only provide the general public, investors, and government agencies with a reasonable assurance that the audited financial statements are free of misstatements, alteration of the accounting records, honest accounting errors, or falsification of the financial statements. Based on the Courts decision in the case of Caparo (Richards, 2004), in the absence of any contract between the auditor(s) and either the investor, a potential investor, or any other third party involved, no duty of care will be owed.  [2]  Despite the external auditors responsibility to double check the accuracy of a companys financial statements, external auditors who work for a public company owe no duty of care outside the existing shareholders who purchase stocks in reliance on a statutory audit. It simply means that the external auditors can only be held liable to investors, potential investors, or any other third party involved only if there is a written contract stating that the external auditor owes them duty of care. In fact, external auditor(s) who are held liable for pure economic loss are considered as a case of simple negligence under contract law. Schaefer (2004) explained that the case is different when the auditor(s) are being judged based on tort law because tor t law does not include a pure economic loss as a negligent act. Considering the difference between a contract law and a tort law, external auditor(s) who are found guilty of negligence will be held responsible and will be obliged to pay for the victims loss. In case an external auditor violates any of the auditing guidelines and is found guilty, the accused external auditor(s) will not be held responsible to compensate the victims loss because of the fact that tort law excludes liability of a pure economic loss. In other words, the victim of a wrong audit can demand a claim against those people guilty of the wrong audit under a contract law (Ewert, 1999). Given that the general public can prove that both external auditor(s) and the managers of the company colluded against the outside stakeholders, the stakeholders of a given company can demand a claim against both the parties involved. Even though external auditors can be held liable for negligence and misconduct, there is still a limit as to whether an auditor can be held liable for a misconduct or not. For example, in case an external auditor has not provided the actual report to the company he works for, any law suit filed during the time frame wherein the external auditor has not yet submitted his final report will not be considered punishable by the Court, because technically there is no duty of care that exists between the company and the external auditor(s) (Poorter 2008, p. 70).  [3]  In other words, the duty of care between an external auditor(s), the company, and the shareholders of the company will only exist when the external auditor has already submitted his final report to his client, the company. Basically, the extent of auditor liability will depend on the Court judgment and the degree of damages caused by the act of negligence that has occurred in the process. In line with this, it is possible for an act of negligence to occur when the external auditor(s) and the owner or manager of the company agree to underestimate the actual revenue of the company in order to pay lower taxes to the government; or both parties may agree to overvalue the company in order to be able to get a better price when selling the companys shares to the public. Since there are different ways in which auditor liability may occur, the Court will be responsible for the investigation behind the said act of negligence. According to Schaefer (2004, p. 9), external auditor(s) with a binding contract towards the third party involved should not be held responsible for the loss that may occur in the purchase of stocks as long as the auditors did not take any actions that could trigger the decline in the stocks value. Therefore, external auditor(s) who did not manipulate the value of stocks are free from being held responsible in case the value of stocks depreciated. Rather than considering the loss of a public investor as a result of negligence on the part of the external auditors, the public investors are expected to be responsible enough to study the market first before they invest their money in the stock market. In case the general public is able to prove that external auditors were behind the manipulation of stock prices in such a way that they depreciated over time, then the Court has the option to make the company, including those people who were directly involved in the process of the fraudulent act, partially liable for the victims monetary losses. However, if a buyer was able to sell his share of stocks at an overvalued price for the reason that the internal and external auditors were not able to accurately detect the true market value of the companys stocks, the person who bought the overpriced stocks will have to compensate for the loss simply because it was the buyers decision to purchase an overpriced share of stocks. Conclusion The personal obligations of external auditors to the general public or public investors is limited for the reason that the roles and responsibility of the external auditors are limited in terms of determining whether the accountants were able to present the financial statement based on the rules or laws accepted for the development of financial statements for the government, a private company, or a legal organisation. Likewise, external auditors are also made responsible for detecting any potential accounting irregularities made for the purpose of tax evasion or theft by the creation of ghost employees, skimming of the proceeds, or theft of an asset. Under the principles of corporate governance, the board of directors (executive and non-executive directors), the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and the accountants have different roles and responsibilities in protecting the socio-economic welfare of the corporate stakeholders, including public investors. In case of a fraud scandal, it would be a misconception to put the blame purely on external auditors, since the board of directors (executive and non-executive directors), the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and the accountants share responsibility in protecting the socio-economic welfare of the corporate stakeholders, including public investors.